Paper: Primary Cementing Fundamentals

The techniques for cementing oil and gas wells vary with geological conditions and requirements of the operator. These techniques have developed through usage and engineering studies. All techniques are based on fundamental chemical and physical considerations. To develop these basic principles, the properties of cement are considered in detail. Modification or control of these properties by use of additives is studied with the individual functions. Special consideration is given with the individual functions. Special consideration is given to more recently developed additives and those used for conditions such as exist in West Texas. Viscosity, density, flow properties, strength, etc. are properties given most consideration. Special consideration is given to the mechanics of placing the cement and equipment necessary. Stage cementing, liner cementing and various remedial techniques are discussed. New techniques are listed. Problems encountered in designing cementing procedures for ultra deep wells currently being drilled in West Texas are discussed. The difficulties encountered in the Permian Basin when converting older fields to secondary recovery are emphasized.